Application and Submission Information This notice applies to due dates on or after February 5, 2023 and subsequent receipt dates through February 5, 2026. Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Decoding and Modulating Neural Circuit Activity Linked to Behavior The eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework aims to provide strong predictive value along with a mechanistic understanding of AI solutions by combining machine learning techniques with effective explanatory techniques. This Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) solicits applications in the area of XAI applied to neuroscientific questions of encoding, decoding, and modulation of neural circuits linked to behavior. This NOSI encourages collaborations between computationally and experimentally focused investigators. This NOSI seeks the development of machine learning algorithms that are able to mechanistically explain how experimental manipulations affect cognitive, affective, or social processing in humans or animals. Proof-of-concept applications aimed at improving the current state of the technology that uses XAI to provide unbiased, hierarchical explanations of causal relationships between complex neural and behavioral data are also appropriate